Method for producing polymers of vinyl aromatic sulfonates characterized useful as flocculants



Sept. 5. 1967 w. E- SMITH ETAL 3,340,238

METHOD FOR PRODUCING POLYMERS OF VINYL AROMATIC SULFONATES CHARACTERIZED USEFUL AS FLOCCULANTS Filed Sept. '7, 1962 \Z8 N 24 80 04am 0/ hydrox/ae b Q fy Q,

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So aa'um mfg/ens 606 01707 6 INVENTORS. Henry Vo/k W/'///'am f. Sm/f/I ATTORNEY fW/KA United States Patent 3,340,238 METHOD FOR PRODUCING POLYMERS OF VINYL AROMATIC SULFONATES CHAR- ACTERIZED USEFUL AS FLOCCULANTS William E. Smith, Midland, and Henry Volk, Bay City,

Mich., assignors to The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich., a corporation of Delaware Filed Sept. 7, 1962, Ser. No. 222,097 6 Claims. c1. 260-79.3)

The present invention relates to a novel polymerization process. It particularly concerns a method for producing polymers of vinyl aromatic sulfonates to provide polyaromatic sulfonates characterized by exceptional utility as fiocculants.

Polyaromatic sulfonates, as employed herein, refers to polymeric resinous materials corresponding to linear polyalkane backbone polymers having integrally and chemically combined therein a plurality of vinyl aromatic sulfonate moieties.

In the past some polyaromatic sulfonates have been prepared by sulfonating a suitable polymeric backbone containing aromatic moieties, With one or more sulfonating agents such as concentrated sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid or sulfur trioxide in a dispersing medium for the polymer and sulfonating agent. Though several patents teach improved sulfonation techniques, even the best of such direct sulfonation techniques usually results in some cross-linking, e.g., sulfone cross-linking and nonuniform sulfonation of the polymer. Normally, such crosslinking is manifested when the sulfonated polymer composition is dissolved or dispersed in a large amount of water and there results in the solution a small amount of a gel-like phase which can be separated from the dispersed polymer by filtration. While good fiocculants can be prepared by the aforementioned sulfonation techniques, it would be desirable to provide improved polyar'omatic sulfonate fiocculants having complete Water solubility. It would be especially desirable in this connection to pro vide polyaromatic sulfonates characterized by high molecular weights and uniform sulfonation, i.e., controlled substitution of sulfonate groups throughout linear polymer chains, which chains are substantially free of crosslinking such as sulfone cross-linking.

Though it is an apparent alternate route to the preparation of the polyaromatic sulfonates to polymerize vinyl aromatic sulfonate moieties, it has been the experience in the art that the directly polymerized polyaromatic sulfonates were generally characterized by relatively low molecular weights and inefficiency as fiocculants.

Polyaromatic sulfonates prepared in accordance with the mehod of the present invention has estimated weight average molecular Weights of at least 1 million and, at least in the instance of homopolymers of vinyl aromatic sulfonate moieties, they often have molecular weights as great as 10 to 12 million. Such materials are superior fiocculants. For convenience herein, the directly polymerized polyaromatic sulfonates will be referred to as PAS polymers.

It is a principal object of the present invention to provide an improved process for polymerizing vinyl aromatic sulfonates. Especially, it is an object to provide a process whereby high molecular weight PAS polymers are prepared. A further object is to provide PAS polymers characterized by exceptional utility as fiocculants. Other objects will become apparent hereinafter as the invention is more fully described.

The improved process of the invention involves homopolymerizing an alkali metal vinyl aromatic sulfonate, or coploymerizing the same with one or more suitable monoethylenically unsaturated comonomers, at a tem- "ice perature within the range from about 0 to 100 C., in an aqueous reaction medium from which substantially all of the free oxygen has been removed. Further, it is essential that the polymerization be conducted in the presence of a sufiicient amount of a basic alkali metal composition, i.e., alkali metal hydroxide, alkali metal carbonate or mixtures thereof, to produce a pH of at least about 11, preferably 12. The upper limit on the concentration of alkali metal composition varies inversely with the monomer concentration. As an upper limit range, the total amount of the alkali metal composition used should not exceed about 1 weight percent, at an upper monomer concentration of about 25 weight percent, and about 15 weight percent, at a lower monomer concentration of about 4 weight percent. The foregoing weight percentage figures are based on the total weight of the aqueous solution constituting the complete polymerization system. Monomers employed in the polymerization process can include any one or more of the vinyl aromatic sulfonates and as comonomers any ethylenically unsaturated monomer polymerizable with styrene and compatible with an alkali at a pH above 11.

When copolymers are prepared, the amount of the alkali metal vinyl aromatic sulfonate used to prepare fiocculating grade, water-soluble, linear copolymers is at least 5 percent by weight of the monomer charge, with the further limitation that at least 40 percent of the total monomer charge is a hydrophilic monomer. Watersoluble, as employed herein, means dispersible in water to provide a visually homogeneous solution infinitely dilutable with water.

Monomer concentration and pH control, as described above, are critical parameters and, when considered in conjunction with other process steps, these parameters account for the singularly effective results achieved in the practice of the invention.

Alkali metal vinyl aromatic sulfonates employed herein have the general formula:

wherein Ar is a divalent monocyclic aromatic radical of the benzene series having its valences on nuclear, i.e., ring carbons, and A is an alkali metal. Techniques for the preparation of this monomer are known in the art. Usually, the preparative route involves hydrobromination of a vinyl aromatic compound employing a catalyst for anti-Markownikofi addition of the hydrogen bromide. Examples of such catalysts are the peroxides, actinic light and high energy ionizing radiation. The resulting =betabromoethyl aromatic compound is reacted with a suitable sulfonating agent such as sulfur trioxide or chlorosulfonic acid to provide the corresponding beta-haloethyl aromatic sulfonic acid or sulfonyl chloride which is then contacted with an alkali metal hydroxide to provide the corresponding vinyl aromatic sulfonate salt. The alkali metal hydroxide, in addition to neutralizing the acid or hydrolyzing the sulfonyl halide, dehydrohalogenates the betahaloethyl group to produce ethylenic unsaturation.

Suitable comonomers include non-acidic, monoethylenically unsaturated monomers and alkali metal salts of acidic, monoethylenically unsaturated monomers, which monomers are further characterized by a capability of polymerization with styrene and solubility in the polym erization system. Particular non-acidic monomers include such monoethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbons as ethylene, propylene, styrene, vinyl toluene, vinyl xylene, ethyl styrene, tertiary butyl styrene, vinyl cyclohexane, chlorostyrene, dichlorostyrene and bromostyrene. Further illustrations are found in the vinyl others such as vinyl methyl ether and vinyl ethyl ether. Acidic monomers usable in the form of their alkali metal salts include the acrylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, alpha-chloroacrylic acid, maleic acid, crotonic acid, vinyl benzoic acid and the like carboxyl containing monoethylenically unsaturated monomers. In view of the hydrolyzing character of the polymerization system, the corresponding acyl halides, amides, nitriles and esters of the foregoing acids are also suitable comonomers, but due to their reactivity with, or instability in the presence of, the alkali hydroxide they are to be considered as essentially vacidic type monomers. Thus, other acidic type monomers are acrylyl chloride, methacrylyl chloride, acrylamide, methacrylamide, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl benzoate and the like monomersreactive with basic alkali metal compositions.

Most of the aforementioned comonomers are liquid at some temperature within the specified temperature range; however, a few will be recognized as normally gaseous within this temperature range, and in such instances, it will be necessary to conduct the polymerization reaction under such pressures as will promote eflicacious copolymerization of the gaseous monomer in solution.

In carrying out a polymerization operation in accordance with the present invention, substantially all oxygen in and above the reaction system is removed, as, for example, by subjecting the reaction system to a vacuum or by purging it with an inert gas such as nitrogen. Normally this means that oxygen is removed from the reaction system until the atmosphere above the reaction mass contains less than about 1.5 percent by weight oxygen, preferably less than about 0.02 percent by Weight oxygen. This step is carried out at any convenient point during the charging of the reaction system, but is usually accomplished subsequent thereto. Upon removal of the oxygen, polymerization is automatically initiated. It is generally desirable, however, especially at lower temperatures within the aforementioned temperature range, to utilize a free radical generating means to initiate the polymerization reaction. However, equally good results are achieved by thermal initiation of the polymerization reaction within the range from about 30 to 100 C.

It is believed that the small quantities of residual oxygen are effective in inducing polymerization. It has been shown, for example, in experiments connected with the present invention that oxygen contents in the purging gas of as little as 5 parts per million can cause effective initiation of the polymerization reaction. The presence of amounts of oxygen such as are encountered by the reaction system in contact with air terminates the polymerization reaction.

Auxiliary free radical generating means that can be employed include the various chemical reagents for this purpose as well as radiation with such energy forms as actinic light, and high energy ionizing radiation. The latter includes gamma rays obtained from cobalt 60 sources of fission products, high energy electrons supplied by a betatron or a high voltage electron accelerator, X-rays and the like. From the standpoint of convenience, however, it is preferred to employ small but effective amounts of a free radical forming chemical reagent. Addition of such a catalyst is suitably accomplished by adding small aliquot portions of the total amount of catalyst desired at frequent intervals throughout, or at least during the early stages of, the polymerization reaction. Satisfactory results are usually achieved by the employment of from 0.001 to 0.01 weight percent of a chemical, free radical catalyst based on the weight of monomer.

The chemical, free radical catalysts can include any organic or inorganic material, which in an aqueous system, upon heating or contact with another chemical, yields free radicals. Examples of such materials are the inorganic peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide, barium peroxide, inter alia and the various organic peroxy catalysts, such as the dialkyl peroxides of which examples are diethyl peroxide, dipropyl peroxide, dilauryl peroxide,

dioleyl peroxide, distearyl peroxide, di-tertiary-butyl peroxide, di-tertiary-amyl peroxide and the like. Other suitable peroxides include alkyl hydrogen peroxides, e.g., tertiary butyl hydrogen peroxide, acetyl peroxide, propionyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide and the like. Further examples include cumene hydroperoxide, tertiary butyl perbenzoate and urea peroxide. Also operative are salts of inorganic peracids such as sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, sodium percarbonate, potassium percarbonate, odium perborate, potassium perborate, sodium perphosphate, potassium perphosphate, inter alia.

Water-soluble activators that can be employed in conjunction with the above peroxide catalysts inclu-de sulfur dioxide, the alkali metal bisulfites, hydrosulfites, thiosulfates, alkali metal sulfites, ethylsulfite and the like organic and inorganic compounds which are capable of undergoing oxidation.

Upon completion of the polymerization reaction, the PAS polymer produced can be recovered by means of conventional separatory techniques. An example is precipitating the polymeric product in the aqueous dispersion in which it is prepared with a water-miscible organic liquid such as the lower aliphatic alcohols, esters or ketones or mixtures thereof with water. Illustratively, the reaction mass is poured into methanol wherein soluble unreacted materials and reaction byproducts are maintained in solution as the polymeric product precipitates. Other methods for separating the polymerized products from the reaction medium involve dialysis or electrodialysis of the reaction mass followed by spray or drumdrying operations, with or without additional leaching of the PAS polymer product with a liquid alcohol or alcohol water mixture to remove soluble inpurities.

The polymers produced by the invention are characterized herein in terms of their reduced viscosities, with a general correlation being that the higher the reduced viscosities the higher the molecular weights. Reduced viscosity (N,) is defined by the following formula:

wherein C is the concentration of the polyaromatic sulfonate in grams per hundred milliliters of an aqueous 0.5 N sodium chloride solution, T is the flow time of the above sodium chloride solution having dissolved therein 0.4 gram of the polyaromatic sulfonate and To is the flow time of the aqueous 0.5 N sodium chloride solution, said flow times being obtained with an Ostwald viscosimeter at 30 C.

The following examples illustrate the invention but should not be construed a limitations thereon.

Example 1 A one liter flask equipped with a stirrer and sparging means was charged with 72 grams of sodium styrene sulfonate, 528 grams of water and 0.72 gram of sodium hydroxide (this was sufficient sodium hydroxide to produce a pH of 12). The resulting solution was then vigorously sparged with nitrogen for about 20 minutes and, with continued sparging, heated to a temperature of about 75 C. These conditions were maintained for a period of 88 hours after which the reaction mass was exposed to the atmosphere to terminate the polymerization reaction. Conversion of monomer to polymer was determined to be 36.7 percent.

The PAS' polymer (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) was recovered by pouring the reaction mass into ethanol wherein the polymer precipitated. Separation of the polymer solids was eifected by filtration and the resulting polymer dried to provide a granulated white powder.

An aqueous solution of the polymer was subjected to viscosity measurements made with an Ostwald viscosimeter at 30 C. The reduced viscosity, as this term is defined hereinbefore, of the polymer was found to be about 28 which corresponds to an estimated weight average molecular weight of about 5.7 million.

Example 2 In the present example, the PAS polymer is prepared in a manner similar to that of the foregoing example except that a free radical catalyst is added to the reaction system 6 Other lines, such as those passing through the points NO, (i and l lVT, delimit the critical marginal reaction conditions necessary to produce ultrahigh molecular weight, linear polymers effective as flocculants. Line NO 1 Sodium styrene sulfonate. 2 Percent by weight based on the monomer. 3 Homopolymer of sodium styrene sulfonate prepared in 12.1% aqueous solution of the monomer.

with respect to the basic alkali metal component, the minimum amount of this material which is required for successful operation under the invention. This minimum amount can also be expressed as that amount of basic alkali metal compound sufficient to produce a reaction mass having a pH of at least 11. This is a critical limit. Without such pH the molecular weight of the products achieved will be considerably less than the aforementioned minimum.

to enhance the Tate of polymerizetl'ona Stainless steel delimits those marginal reaction conditions, insofar as gallon autoclave equipped Wlth a surfer, was charged composition of the reaction mass is concerned, outside of Pmmds of sodlum styreee sulfonate; l f which cross-linked polymeric systems begin to be pro- 0 iiiioi lvif 525 2? if i iifip r fili h 3i? Z35 e e e OP PM delimit coepgsifion Proportions sparged vigorously with nitrogen for about 30 minutes. 10 wltinn Whlch ultr molecular Welg t polymers of Thereafter, with continued sparging at a lower rate, 10 Parlor fiocculent actlvlty are produced cubic centimeters of a 0.06 percent aqueous solution of Example 4 potassium persulfate was added to the reaction mass. This 7 was repeated hourly for 11 hours after which the reaction Additional Operations Were Carried out whereby mass was heated an additional 4 hours. Thereafter the 15 Parative data Were Obtained illustrate the efieet of an reaction mass was exposed to the atmosphere to terminate elevated P OH Solution homepolymefizatiofl of Sodium h polymerization reaction styrene sulfonate and copolymerization thereof Wit-h a The reaction mass was analyzed for residual monomer Variety Of eemonemefs- The experimental Procedure for by means of the standard bromate-bromide titration techeach P y involved Charging predetermined quantities nique. On the basis of the residual monomer determina- 0f the monomers to be polymerized, Water and Caustic as tion, the conversion of monomer to polymer was found to 11eedecl to Produce a desired P to a Suitable laboratory be 60.9 percent. The polymer itself had a reduced viscosity reaction Vessel- The POIYmeIiZKfiOH reaction s Collof about 55 which corresponds to an estimated molecular ducted in a manner Substantially identical to that weight of 11.7 million. When employed to flocculate an P y ill the Previous examples, under nitrogen aqueous suspension of finely divided clay at a loading atmosphere, with Small amount of Potassium Persulfate rate f ()1 pound f polymer per ton f clay h polymer as a free radical catalyst, at an elevated temperature of produced a settling rate of 17.7 inches per minute. about and for fixed Period tlme- TWO H1115 were made for each polymer under identical conditions Example 3 except that one run was conducted at a pH below 11 and In numerous other polymerizatious conducted in a mananother run at or above a pH of 12. The resulting polyner similar to that of Example 1, except that a small mers were recovered by precipitating them in methanol specified amount of potassium persulfate was employed after which they were dried and their reduced viscosities to accelerate the polymerization reaction, additional inforascertained. mation delimiting significant reaction mass composition Each of the polymers prepared in the manner described variables with respect to the polymerization of sodium above was tested to determine its efiicacy as a flocculant. styrene sulfonate was compiled and employed in making The polymers were applied in the form of a dilute solution the accompanying drawing. and at predetermined loadings, to an aqueous suspension In the drawing, the relative proportions of ingredients of clay contained in a 100 milliliter graduate. The polyrequired to produce water-soluble high molecular weight mer was thoroughly mixed with the clay suspension by alkali polystyrene sulfonates, i.e., having a reduced visinverting the graduate three times. Thereafter the resulting cosity of at least about 10, are delimited by the polygon average settling rate in inches per minute was determined defined by the lines connecting consecutively the points by visual observation. Polymer loadings and the observed M, N, O and P. These points are defined, respectively, by settling rates are set forth, along with significant paramthe coordinants (94.8, 0.2, 5), (77.9, 0.1, 22), (82, 14, 4) eters of the polymerization reaction, in the following table. and (91, 7, 2) wherein the bracketed groups of coordi- For the purpose of comparison one run was made in nants are for the aa, bb' and cc axes of the graph, which no polymer was added to the clay suspension. The respectively. observed settling rate for this run was 0.23 inch per The line passing through the points M and N represents, minute.

TABLE 1 Reaction System Polymer Loading Reduced Rate, Settling Viscosity lbs/ton Rate, Run Comonomer Gms. SPSS, 1 H2O, gins. K2S20s, Polymeriza- (N r) clay inches/min.

grns. percent 2 tion, pH

31. 5 66. 5 502 0. 01 12.2 19.6 0. 4 0. 96 31. 5 66. 5 502 8 2. 3 0. 4 0. 31 18 51. 5 47s 0. 01 12 15. 6 0. 4 1. 26 1s 51. 5 478 7 2. 2 0. 4 0. 20 26 51.5 451 0.01 12 12.8 0.4 0. 99 s 3.2 0.4 0. 53 0.005 2.8 2.7 0.1 0.29 0. 005 12 15.4 0.1 0. 56

In a manner similar to that of the foregoing examples other high molecular weight polyvinyl aromatic sulfonate polymers and copolymers of vinyl aromatic sulfonates with suitable monoethylenically unsaturated monomers having excellent capabilities as flocculants are prepared by substituting for the sodium styrene sulfonate in the foregoing examples one or more of such vinyl aromatic sulfonate monomers as potassium styrene sulfonate, sodium ortho-, meta-, or para-vinyltolyl sulfonate, sodium ar-vinyl methyoxyphenyl sulfonate, potassium ar-vinylxylyl sulfonate, sodium ar-vinyl diethoxyphenyl sulfonate, sodium vinyl chlorophenyl sulfonate and the like alkali metal vinyl aromatic sulfonates of the benzene series. Other basic alkali metal compounds that can be employed in the place of all or a part of the sodium hydroxide in the foregoing examples to adjust the pH of the polymerization system include potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate.

What is claimed is:

1. In a method which comprises polymerizing, at a temperature within the range of from about u to 100 C. and in the presence of a free radical catalyst, in

'the form of an aqueous solution substantially free of oxygen, from about 2 up to about 25 percent by weight, based on the Weight of the aqueous solution, of a monomer composition selected from the group consisting of monocyclic alkali metal vinyl aromatic sulfonates of the benzene series and mixtures thereof with monoethylenically unsaturated monomers polymerizable with styrene which mixture contains at least 5 weight percent of the vinyl aromatic sulfonate and at least 40 weight percent of a hydrophilic monomer, to provide a water-soluble polymer, the improvement which consists in adding to the aqueous system a suflicient amount of a basic alkali metal composition selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides and alkali metal carbonates to produce a pH of at least 11, but not exceeding an upper limit within the range from about 1 weight percent, at the above specified upper limit of monomer composition concentration, to about 15 weight percent, at the above specified lower limit of monomer composition concentration, said weight percentages being based on the total weight of the aqueous system.

2. In a method which comprises polymerizing, at a temperature within the range of from about 0 up to 100 C. and in the presence of a free radical catalyst, in the form of an aqueous solution substantially free of oxygen, from about 2 up to about 25 percent by weight, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, of a monocyclic, alkali metal vinyl aromatic sulfonate to provide a watersoluble polymer, the improvement which consists in adding to the aqueous solution of the alkali metal vinyl aromatic sulfonate a suflicient amount of a basic alkali metal composition selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides and alkali metal carbonates to produce a pH of at least 11, but not exceeding an upper limit within the range from about 1 weight percent, at the above specified upper limit of monomer concentration, to

about 15 weight percent, at the above specified lower limit of monomer concentration, said weight percentages being based on the total weight of the aqueous solution.

3. In a method which comprises polymerizing, at a temperature within the range from about 0 up to 100 C. and in the presence of a free radical catalyst, in the form of an aqueous solution substantially free of oxygen, from about 2 up to about 25 percent by weight, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, of a mixture of a mono- 'monomer mixture a suificient amount of a basic alkali metal composition selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides and alkali metal carbonates to produce a pH of at least 11, but not exceeding an upper limit within the range from about 1 weight percent, at the above specified upper limit of monomer concentration, to about 15 weight percent, at the above specified lower limit of monomer concentration, said weight percentages being based on the total weight of the aqueous solution.

4. A method which comprises the steps of (1) mixing together sodium styrene sulfonate, water and sodium hydroxide, the amounts of the aforesaid components being within the range of proportions, having reference to the drawing, delimited by the polygon defined by lines connecting consecutively the points M, N, O and P, said points being specified by the coordinates on the am, hi) and cc axes of the ternary graph, respectively, of (94.8, 0.2, 5), (77.9, 0.1, 22), (82, 14, 4) and (91, 7, 2); (2) removing substantially all of the oxygen from the resulting reaction mass and (3) while maintaining the reaction mass at a temperature within the range from about 0 to about C., subjecting it to polymerization initiating means in the form of a free radical catalyst for a period of time sufiicient to convert at least a substantial proportion of sodium styrene sulfonate to a water-soluble polymerized product.

5. A process as in claim 4 wherein step (3) is replaced by heating the reaction mass at a temperature within the range from about 30 to 100 C. for a period of time sufficient to convert a substantial proportion of the sodium styrene sulfonate to a water-soluble polymerized product.

6. A process as in claim 4 wherein step (3) is replaced by adding a small but effective amount of a chemical free radical catalyst to the reaction mass to promote polymerization and maintaining the reaction mass at a temperature within the range from about 30 to about 100 C. for a period of time suflicient to convert at least a substantial proportion of the sodium styrene sulfonate to a watersoluble polymerized product.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,909,508 10/1959 Jones 26079.3 2,971,935 2/1961 Floria a- 260-793 3,067,161 12/1962 Roth 260-793 3,121,071 2/1964 Sheetz et a1. 26079.3 3,206,445 3/1964 Volk 260-79.8

JOSEPH L. SCHOFER, Primary Examiner.

H. WONG, Assistant Examiner. 

1. IN A METHOD WHICH COMPRISES POLYMERIZING, AT A TEMPERATURE WITHIN THE RANGE OF FROM ABOUT 0 UP TO 100*C. AND IN THE PRESENCE OF A FREE RADICAL CATALYST, IN THE FORM OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION SUBSTANTIALLY FREE OF OXYGEN, FROM ABOUT 2 UP TO ABOUT 25 PERCENT BY WEIGHT, BASED ON THE WEIGHT OF THE AQUEOUS SOLUTION, OF A MONOMER COMPOSITION SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF MONOCYCLIC ALKALI METAL VINYL AROMATIC SULFONATES OF THE BENZENE SERIES AND MIXTURES THEREOF WITH MONOETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED MONOMERS POLYMERIZABLE WITH STYRENE WHICH MIXTURE CONTAINS AT LEAST 5 WEIGHT PERCENT OF THE VINYL AROMATIC SULFONATE AND AT LEAST 40 WEIGHT PERCENT OF A HYDROPHILIC MONOMER, TO PROVIDE A WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMER, THE IMPROVEMENT WHICH CONSISTS IN ADDING TO THE AQUEOUS SYSTEM A SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF A BASIC ALKALI METAL COMPOSITION SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ALKALI METAL HYDROXIDES AND ALKALI METAL CARBONATES TO PRODUCE A PH OF AT LEAST 11, BUT NOT EXCEEDING AN UPPER LIMIT WITHIN THE RANGE FROM ABOUT 1 WEIGHT PERCENT, AT THE ABOVE SPECIFIED UPPER LIMIT OF MONOMER COMPOSITION CONCENTRATION, TO ABOUT 15 WEIGHT PERCENT, AT THE ABOVE SPECIFIED LOWER LIMIT OF MONOMER COMPOSITION CONCENTRATION, SAID WEIGHT PERCENTAGES BEING BASED ON THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE AQUEOUS SYSTEM. 